Cancer Results From Abnormal, Unregulated Cell Growth

BACKGROUND Cancer results from abnormal, unregulated cell growth which can create physiological impairments in body tissues (1). Two adverse characteristics of cancer cells include the ability to invade other tissues and the inability to die (2). Cells generally become cancerous due to changes in gene expression and subsequent errors in protein function (2). These faults in genes and physiology can be caused by mutations which can result from exposure to carcinogens. One of the most common substances associated with carcinogens (though not carcinogenic itself) that promotes cancerous growth is nicotine (3). Nicotine has been shown to stimulate growth, promote the creation of blood vessels (angiogenesis), and prevent cell death through nicotinic acetycholine receptors (nAChRs)(3). In mice, for example, nicotine increased levels of angiogenesis by altering mechanisms involved in a heightened response of the COX-2, prostacyclin, VEGFR-2, MMPs, uPA, and e-NOS protein activity (3). These increases in cell sensitivity to these particular factors stimulated by nicotine promoted cell growth and migration to other tissues (3). Nicotine may significantly impact tissues lining the airway, particularly since it is present in cigarette smoke which is inhaled (3). One form of advanced cancer that involves these tissues is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (1). There are three types of NSCLC: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma, all of which involve DNAShow MoreRelatedFacts, Types, and Effects of Leukemia Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesCancer is defined as the unregulated growth of abnormal, mutated cells in the body. Yet perhaps the more routine understanding of the disease is its seriousness regarding an individual’s health. Cancer comes in numerous differing forms that collectively hold cancer as the second leading cause of death in the United States according to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. An array of cancers can a ffect any organ system in any person no matter the gender, age, or race. One chronic formRead MoreThe Effect Of Calf Serum On Cell Proliferation1154 Words   |  5 PagesGrowth Factor Dependence and Oncogenic Transformation Valerie Thigpen Biology 3040-002 TA: Maisha Rashid Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine how calf serum affected cell proliferation. The hypothesis is the following: if different concentrations of Fetal Bovine Serum were added to non-transformed and transformed cells, it would provide nutrients for the non-transformed cells but does not affect the transformed cells. As far as Western Blot analysis goes, theRead MoreCancer : A Common Disease1135 Words   |  5 PagesToday all around the world cancer is increasingly a more common disease that has affected many and affecting more each day. Cancer takes the lives of almost ten millions each year. Cancer is a disease that is caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells that divide exponentially. It has the ability to spread to different parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer has become such a common disease that it can be inherited by genetics, but it can also be contracted by poorRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1575 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact on crops and animals that intentionally make copies of a genes for a wanted trait in these organisms. The result is a GMO. All genetically modified foods that have been approved are considered by the government to be as safe as their traditional counterparts and are generally unregulated (FDA website). However, there are several types of potential health effects that could result from the insertion of a novel gene into an organism. Since the beginning of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)Read MoreCell Cycle Regulation, Uncontrolled Growth And Division Of Cells1981 Words   |  8 PagesCANCER Cancer is defined as group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of cells. The condition also includes spreading of abnormal cells to adjacent healthy sites of the body (1). If this condition is not controlled it could result in death. Abnormality in cell cycle regulation mechanisms, uncontrolled cell division, and invasiveness to the healthy tissues are the characteristic features of the cancer cells. Cells are the structural and functional units of all organisms.Read MoreCoated Sirna Theranotic Naoparticle For Cancer Case Study1784 Words   |  8 PagesRBC-Coated siRNA Theranostic Nanoparticle for Cancer l. Specific Aims Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide as accounted for 8.8 million deaths in 2015, nearly 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer as per WHO Fact sheet. 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It may take several years for the manifestationRead MoreOvarian Cancer : Development, Symptoms, Diagnosis And Treatment2191 Words   |  9 PagesOvarian Cancer: Development, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Ovarian cancer is the rapid and unregulated division of the ovarian cells and is referred to as the ‘most lethal gynaecologic cancer’ (1). Despite a small lifelong risk of only 1.3% in the general population and only a small proportion of 1.3% of all new cancers, ovarian cancer is the fifth-leading cause of cancer-related death in women (2). This essay will give an insight into the development of this type of cancer, the symptoms, diagnosisRead MoreStudy Notes for Advanced Pathophysiology5046 Words   |  21 Pageshow neoplastic growth differs from the normal adaptive changes seen in atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia. Neoplasia- Means â€Å"New Growth†. 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Investigating Number of Stomata on a Leaf Free Essays

Lab Design â€Å"Investigate the effect of a factor on the number of stomata of a leaf. † Research Question: How do differing leaf heights affect the number/density of stomata of a leaf? Hypothesis Stomata are pores, typically found under the leaf (lower epidermis), that control the gas exchange of transpiration, where water vapor leaves the plants, and carbon dioxide enters. I predict that the stomatal density on high leafs is higher than on low leafs. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating Number of Stomata on a Leaf or any similar topic only for you Order Now During photosynthesis the chloroplasts in the leaf cells synthesize ATP from ADP as a result of exposure to light, while oxygen is produced as a by-product of the photosynthetic reaction. Carbon dioxide, which enters the plant through diffusion via the stomata, is needed for this process (photosynthesis) to occur. When the chloroplasts in the leafs cell is exposed to higher light intensities, more ATP is synthesized from ADP, while production of the by-product oxygen also increases. This increase in the rate of photosynthesis calls for more â€Å"fuel†, i. e. Carbon dioxide. So for a higher concentration of carbon dioxide to diffuse into the plant, the plant must grow a greater stomatal density (higher number of stomata). This will create a larger surface area for carbon dioxide diffusion, the excretion of water vapor (transpiration) and the large amounts of oxygen being produced. As the higher leafs are exposed to higher light intensities I predict the stomatal density to be high. Lower leafs are exposed to lower light intensities due to, for example, shading by top leafs, and will so have a lower stomatal density than high leafs. Variables Controlled: Type of plant- The type of plant that is going to be used will stay the same, i. e. controlled. The type of plant that is used for this experiment is called Quercus Ilex. Amount of leafs (10 ‘high’ leafs, 10 ‘low’ leafs)- the ensure fair testing the number of leaves tested from each variable will be the same. Apparatus used- Same set up each time. Microscope magnification (400x)- Magnification at which the number of stomata will be counted at is at a magnification of 400x. Independent Variable: Leaf Source- The leaf source regarding to the ‘high’ and ‘low’ leafs is the variable which will be changed to test the difference in number of stomata of the two variables. Distance between high/low leafs- The distance between the height at which ‘low’ and at which ‘high’ leaves were picked each time had to be of a minimum of 20cm to ensure plausible results. Lower epidermis of leaf used to count stomatal density- Because Quercus Ilex is a dicotyledonous plant, the number of stomata on the lower epidermis will be higher than on the upper epidermis. This is because dicotyledonous plants hold up their leaves horizontally, which directly illuminates the lower epidermis. So, to prevent water loss, fewer stomata will then be located on the upper epidermis. Dependent Variable: Stomatal Density of high leafs Stomatal Density of low leafs Apparatus/Material 10 high leafs 10 low leafs Clear nail polish Slides Pincette Microscope Clear Tape Calculator Method Find a leaf source that has a significant height from which you will be collecting your leafs from throughout the entire experiment. Determine a low area, of little height from the ground, on the source from which you will pick 10 ‘low’ leafs. Repeat step 2, except that the area must be at an increased height distance of at least 20cm, to ensure a fair test and collection of ‘high’ leafs from a higher area than that of the ‘low’ leafs. Choose a leaf of which the stomatal density is to be examined but don’t pick it off the plant. This is so that the plants photosynthetic process will not be disturbed which could lead to change in the leafs natural state and affect your results. Paint a layer of clear nail polish on the lower epidermis of the leaf and wait until it has dried. Use your tweezers to gently peel off the dried layer of nail polish. Gently peel the area of dried nail polish from the leaf completely. You should see a cloudy impression of leaf surface on the piece of tape. This is the leaf impression. Place the leaf impression to a clean slide. Label the slide for identification if necessary. Focus the leaf impression under a microscope magnification of 40x until it is focused and observe the leaf impression. Find an area that is clean of thumbprints, away from the edge of impression, has no damaged areas or big leaf vein impressions in view. When focused, observe the impression under an increased microscope magnification of 100x and make sure it is focused. When focused, observe the impression under an increased microscope magnification of 400x, the magnification at which you will count the number of stomata, and focus. Count the number of stomata you see in the field of view and record the number in a table under the relevant variable (‘high’ or ‘low’ leaf). To ensure a fair test, repeat steps 9-13 two times by choosing a new spot on the same leaf to focus on. Use the higher number of the 2 repeats to find the average later on. Repeat steps 1-14 ten times for the 10 high leafs and 10 low leafs. Raw Data: How differing leaf heights affect the number/density of stomata of a leaf One manipulation that was done to the raw data to help make it more useful for interpretation was the rounding off of ? Average # of stomata of ? Final?.. etc? , because firstly a stomata cannot be present in the quantity of a decimal and secondly, so that when drawing the graph all numbers have the same number of significant figures which will produce a neater and more accurate graph. Processed Data: How differing leaf heights affect the number/density of stomata of a leaf Magnification: 400x Field of View (FOV) diameter: 0. 45 mm Radius (r ): 0. 225 mm Surface Area (SA)/mm? N (? r? ) : 3. 14 x (0. 225)? = 0. 159 mm? |Leaf |# of stomata of ‘High’ Leafs per 0. 159 mm? 2 Stomata) | | |1 |2 |Final | |1 |39 |35 |39 | |2 |52 |56 |56 | |3 |32 |38 |38 | |4 |50 |40 |50 | |5 |37 |34 |37 | |6 |53 |47 |53 | |7 |45 |42 |45 | |8 |43 |50 |50 | |9 |53 |49 |53 | |10 |42 |39 |42 | |Average # of stomata of ‘Final’ per 0. 159 mm?  ± 2 Stomata) | | | |46 | Graphs Graph including processed data trial 1 2 for High and Low leafs: Blue: # of stomata on High leafs per 0. 159 mm? , trial 1 Red: # of stomata on High lea fs per 0. 159 mm? , trial 2 Yellow: # of stomata on Low leafs per 0. 159 mm? , trial 1 Green: # of stomata on Low leafs per 0. 159 mm? , trial 2 Graph including processed data ‘Final’s results for High and Low leafs: High Leafs: Mean value line with value 46. 3, standard deviation: 6. 993 Low Leafs: Mean value line with value 26. 2, standard deviation: 2. 3 Calculations Difference in mean 46. – 26. 2 = 20. 1 Difference in S. D. 6. 993 – 2. 3 = 4. 693 Because the standard deviations are much less than the difference in the mean number of stomata, it is very likely that the difference in the mean number of stomata between High Leafs and Low Leafs is significant. T-TEST Null hypothesis: The number of stomata on high leafs and low leafs are not different. The differences in the data sets are the result of chance variation only and they are not really different. Mean of # of stomata on High Leafs: 46. 3 Mean of # of stomata on Low Leafs: 26. 2 t=8. 63 Degrees of freedom= (10+10)–2= 18 Critical value for t=2. 101 (P= 0. 05) Conclusion How to cite Investigating Number of Stomata on a Leaf, Essay examples

Opportunity cost is the cost o... free essay sample

Opportunity cost is the cost of an alternative action that must be sacrificed in order to pursue a certain action. Therefore, opportunity cost occurs anytime we make choices in our life. The process of giving up something we enjoy to gain another good has been a part of human traits since day one. As a society we should make good decisions only if we know and acknowledge that there might be other available options that will benefit us. As logical thinkers, we tend to pick activities that not only will amplify our time, but also benefit our future. For example, I know I have to get up early in the morning because I have an exam at 8 AM, yet I still want to go to the concert tonight. I can either go see the hot stuff in the MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheater in Tampa, FL which is 3 hours away from home, or I can go watch the good times band in the AAA here in Miami which is 15 minutes away from my home. We will write a custom essay sample on Opportunity cost is the cost o or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both tickets are $150, I value hot stuffs concert at $225. I am now debating on which of the two bands I should go and see or if I should stay home and study because I have to prepare for my exam the next morning. Marginal utility is the additional satisfaction a consumer gains from consuming one more unit of a good or service. As for in my situation, Im okay with paying a marginal utility of $225 per ticket, drive 3 hours to Tampa and return to Miami around 2 am once the concert is done. But it doesnt make any sense for me to spend more than 10 hours going to a concert on the night before my exam. Despite the fact that the satisfaction that I would feel after seeing the band Ive been dreaming of seeing would have been amazing, but the satisfaction that I would have felt for staying in studying and passing my exam would have been ten times better. Having a good nights rest would definitely be the best alternative for me, taking off hot stuffs the list. Now the Good times concert in AAA is calling my name because it is so close to me. Similar to the next best alternative as I previously mentioned, using my night to actually rest and study for my exam the next day is the opportunity cost. Being the logical person that I am, I know what is the best alternative for me. Instead of me going out and spending a couple hours in a concert and spending money that I should be saving for school, I rather stay home and rest which helps me avoid all that. Not only will I be saving money but I will also be saving my energy and I would study which gives me a higher possibility of passing my exam the next morning, which I need to in order for me to graduate. By me not being well rested the night before a big exam itll be costing me a lot. I will be sacrificing my education which will sacrifice my future career. In conclusion, the opportunity cost for staying home is way higher than if I would have attended one of the concerts. The value for my education outweighs the lost concerts.

Marvel Enterprises Inc free essay sample

Marvel Comics was founded in the late 1930’s with the their first comics appearing in 1939. Up to the time of the case, the company had changed owners a few times, had ups and downs, and had built a large following by providing up to 60 periodicals per month which included comics like: Spiderman, Fantastic Four, and Iron Man along with about 4,700 other characters. Decision Dilemna: What business model should Marvel Executives pursue to ensure continued growth? Analysis of Case Facts, Missing info and Contradictions: †¢There was a lot of talk about existing deals; I’d like to know the terms of those deals and when they were made, when they expire etc. †¢One of those deals and a very important one was the SpiderMan movie deal with Sony. Said â€Å"on the day of release, Marvel had only received about $25mm from Sony. † Were they expecting to get more? This would be nice to understand the terms here to valuate worth. We will write a custom essay sample on Marvel Enterprises Inc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They talk a lot about primary market, I would like to see a marketing breakdown of what they are marketing to who? How they are working to capture and keep intrest from toddlers to elderly enthusiasts. †¢I’d like to better understand the comic book market. Do customers stick with one comic like spiderman and only read that? Or do they start with a spidermand and evolve to others? Buy multiples? †¢How many comic books does the average consumer buy? Adult vs kid? Would like more insight on efforts regarding Toy distribution, especially when they get space from a retailer 12 months in advance but then the film/toy gets squashed†¦how does this reflect on them †¢I would like to see an organization chart; who’s working for who, how many people are there, etc. at certain points it sounds like they have harldy anyone working there and others sounds like they have huge teams †¢Would like more info on dollar amounts for movie revenues. Talks about US retail averages and then worldwide production costs†¦would like to compare apples to apples. World wide everything. †¢I assume Marvel had IP surrounding their characters and story lines but it’s never mentioned. Would like that to be clarified †¢ Contradictions: †¢They talk a lot about comic books and the retailing around that but it sounds like their cashcow is licensing deals, movies, actionfigures, etc. †¢The case discusses Marvels brand dating back to the 30’s and how they believed they need to stay true to where they’ve come from yet they are modernizing their comics, essentially retelling same stories but updated with modern technologies. Like spiderman having a cellphone †¢The case discusses market share in the comic book industry showing Marvel and DC to be leaders with similar share in the market yet the case points out â€Å"8 of the top 10 monthly comic books were Marvel publications. † Little confusing without more info. †¢Under Toys licensing; they state Marvel received a royalty fee of 15% of the wholesale value of toys sold. Then it goes on to say Marvel handles the design, marketing and sales and received a feed that generally exceeded 20% of toy wholesale values. Is this 20% on top of the 15%? Or al together? Add: Kotler Text and Personal Insight Decision Options: Status Quo: Continue doing what they are doing with licensing deals, movies, toys, etc. Pros: need 3 Cons: need 3 Capital Intense: Extend their content creation and production beyond comic books and toys. Write, script and produce own movies, tv channel and content, theme parks, etc. Pros: need 3 Cons: need 3 Sell Marvel: completely sell off the company Pros: Need 3 Cons: need 3 Back to Basics: focus on their roots of creating and re-creating comic books for enthusiasts Pros: need 3 Cons Need 3 My Decision and Why.